After being exiled, Qu Yuan wandered through mountains and marshes, where he saw temples of Chu's former kings and ancestral halls of nobles, adorned with paintings of heaven, earth, mountains, rivers, and deities, magnificent and bizarre, as well as deeds of ancient sages and monsters. He thus wrote these questions on the walls to vent his grievances. The people of Chu, pitying him, collectively recorded them, hence the text lacks strict order.
曰yuē:
遂suì古gǔ之zhī初chū,
谁shuí传chuán道dào之zhī?
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请问:远古开始的情形,是谁传下来的?
I ask: Who passed down the tales of the earliest beginnings of antiquity?
上shàng下xià未wèi形xíng,
何hé由yóu考kǎo之zhī?
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天地尚未形成,根据什么来考察?
When heaven and earth had not yet taken form, by what means could one examine them?
冥míng昭zhāo瞢méng闇àn,
谁shuí能néng极jí之zhī?
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昼夜未分混沌一片,谁能探究清楚?
When darkness and light were still indistinct, who could fathom it?
冯píng翼yì惟wéi像xiàng,
何hé以yǐ识shí之zhī?
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元气充盈只有影像,如何认识它?
When the primal energy was full with only images, how could one recognize it?
明míng明míng闇àn闇àn,
惟wéi时shí何hé为wéi?
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明明暗暗昼夜交替,这是为什么?
Brightness and darkness alternating - for what reason?
阴yīn阳yáng三sān合hé,
何hé本běn何hé化huà?
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阴阳参合而生万物,何为本源何为演化?
When yin and yang combine in three, what is the origin and what the transformation?
圜huán则zé九jiǔ重chóng,
孰shú营yíng度duó之zhī?
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天有九重,是谁营造测量?
The heavens have nine layers - who constructed and measured them?
惟wéi兹zī何hé功gōng,
孰shú初chū作zuò之zhī?
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这是何等伟大的功绩,是谁最初创造的?
What mighty achievement is this, and who first created it?
斡guǎn维wéi焉yān系xì,
天tiān极jí焉yān加jiā?
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天轴的绳子系在哪里?天的顶端又架在何处?
Where is the rope of the celestial axis tied? And where does the heavenly pole rest?
八bā柱zhù何hé当dāng,
东dōng南nán何hé亏kuī?
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八根擎天柱支撑在何处?为何东南方地势低洼?
Where do the eight pillars stand to support the sky? Why is the southeast sunken low?
九jiǔ天tiān之zhī际jì,
安ān放fàng安ān属shǔ?
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九天的边际,安放在哪里?连接在何处?
Where are the borders of the nine heavens placed? And where do they connect?
隅yú隈wēi多duō有yǒu,
谁shuí知zhī其qí数shù?
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天边角落弯曲之处很多,谁知道它们的数目?
The heavens have many corners and bends - who knows their number?
天tiān何hé所suǒ沓tà,
十shí二èr焉yān分fēn?
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天在哪里与地会合?十二辰怎样划分?
Where does heaven meet earth? How are the twelve celestial divisions made?
日rì月yuè安ān属shǔ,
列liè星xīng安ān陈chén?
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日月依附在什么上面?众星又怎样排列?
To what are the sun and moon attached? And how are the stars arrayed?
出chū自zì汤tāng谷gǔ,
次cì于yú蒙méng汜sì。
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太阳从汤谷出来,晚上在蒙汜歇息。
The sun emerges from the Valley of Dawn and rests at Mengsi in the evening.
自zì明míng及jí晦huì,
所suǒ行xíng几jǐ里lǐ?
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从日出到日落,它走了多少里路?
From dawn to dusk, how many miles does it travel?
夜yè光guāng何hé德dé,
死sǐ则zé又yòu育yù?
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月亮有什么德行,竟能死了又再生?
What virtue has the moon, that it dies and is reborn?
厥jué利lì维wéi何hé,
而ér顾gù菟tù在zài腹fù?
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它有什么好处,而腹中养只兔子?
What benefit is there, that it carries a rabbit in its belly?
女nǚ岐qí无wú合hé,
夫fū焉yān取qǔ九jiǔ子zǐ,
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女岐没有配偶,怎么生了九个儿子?
The woman Qi had no mate - how then did she bear nine sons?
伯bó强qiáng何hé处chù?
惠huì气qì安ān在zài?
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伯强住在何处?和风又在哪里?
Where does Boqiang dwell? And where is the kindly breeze?
何hé阖hé而ér晦huì,
何hé开kāi而ér明míng?
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什么关闭就天黑?什么打开就天亮?
What closes to make night? What opens to make day?
角jiǎo宿xiù未wèi旦dàn,
曜yào灵líng安ān藏cáng?
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东方未明时,太阳藏在何处?
Before the Horn star heralds dawn, where does the sun spirit hide?
不bù任rèn汩gǔ鸿hóng,
师shī何hé以yǐ尚shàng之zhī?
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鲧不胜任治水,众人为何推举他?
Gun could not control the flood - why did the people esteem him?
佥qiān曰yuē:
「何hé忧yōu?
何hé不bù课kè而ér行xíng之zhī」?
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众人都说:"何必担忧?为何不让他试试?"
All said: "Why worry? Why not test and let him try?"
鸱chī龟guī曳yè衔xián,
鲧gǔn何hé听tīng焉yān?
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鸱龟拖拉衔土,鲧为何听任它们?
The owl and turtle dragged and carried earth - why did Gun heed them?
顺shùn欲yù成chéng功gōng,
帝dì何hé刑xíng焉yān?
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鲧顺民意治水将成,帝尧为何施刑罚?
Following the people's wish, Gun nearly succeeded - why did the emperor punish him?
永yǒng遏è在zài羽yǔ山shān,
夫fū何hé三sān年nián不bù施shī?
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长期囚禁在羽山,为何多年不释放?
Confined forever at Mount Yu - why was he not released for three years?
伯bó禹yǔ愎bì鲧gǔn,
夫fū何hé以yǐ变biàn化huà?
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禹从鲧腹中生出,怎么会有这种变化?
Yu was born from Gun's belly - how could such transformation occur?
纂zuǎn就jiù前qián绪xù,
遂suì成chéng考kǎo功gōng。
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继承前人事业,终于完成父功。
Continuing the former task, he finally completed his father's work.
何hé续xù初chū继jì业yè,
而ér厥jué谋móu不bù同tóng?
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为何继承同样事业,方法却不同?
Why, continuing the same task, were his methods different?
洪hóng泉quán极jí深shēn,
何hé以yǐ寘zhì之zhī?
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洪水泉源极深,禹怎样填平它?
The flood's source was extremely deep - how did Yu fill it?
地dì方fāng九jiǔ则zé,
何hé以yǐ坟fén之zhī?
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大地分为九州,怎样堆土成山?
The earth was divided into nine regions - how did he mound the soil?
应yīng龙lóng何hé画huà,
何hé历lì?
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应龙怎样划地导水?经历哪些地方?
How did the responding dragon draw the lines? What places did it pass?
鲧gǔn何hé所suǒ营yíng,
禹yǔ何hé所suǒ成chéng?
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鲧经营什么?禹成就什么?
What did Gun manage? What did Yu accomplish?
康kāng回huí冯píng怒nù,
坠zhuì何hé故gù以yǐ东dōng南nán倾qīng?
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共工大怒,为何大地东南倾斜?
Kanghui in great anger - why did the earth tilt southeast?
九jiǔ州zhōu安ān错cuò,
川chuān谷gǔ何hé洿wū?
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九州怎样错置?河流为何深陷?
How were the nine regions arranged? Why are the rivers so deep?
东dōng流liú不bù溢yì,
孰shú知zhī其qí故gù?
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百川东流不溢,谁知其中缘故?
The rivers flow east without overflowing - who knows the reason?
东dōng西xī南nán北běi,
其qí修xiū孰shú多duō?
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东西和南北,哪个距离更长?
East and west, north and south - which is longer?
南nán北běi顺shùn㯐tuǒ,
其qí衍yǎn几jǐ何hé?
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南北狭长,它比东西宽多少?
North-south is oblong - how much wider is it than east-west?
昆kūn崙lún县xuán圃pǔ,
其qí居jū安ān在zài?
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昆仑悬圃,它的位置在哪里?
The Hanging Gardens of Kunlun - where is their location?
增zēng城chéng九jiǔ重chóng,
其qí高gāo几jǐ里lǐ?
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增城高达九重,它有多少里高?
The ninefold layered city - how many miles high is it?
四sì方fāng之zhī门mén,
其qí谁shuí从cóng焉yān?
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四方天门,谁从那里出入?
The gates in the four directions - who passes through them?
西xī北běi辟pì启qǐ,
何hé气qì通tōng焉yān?
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西北门开启,什么风从那里通过?
When the northwest gate opens, what wind passes through?
日rì安ān不bù到dào,
烛zhú龙lóng何hé照zhào?
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太阳哪里照不到?烛龙怎样照耀?
Where does the sun not reach? How does the candle dragon shine?
羲xī和hé之zhī未wèi扬yáng,
若ruò华huá何hé光guāng?
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羲和还未扬鞭,若木花为何发光?
Before Xihe raises his whip, why does the Ruohua flower shine?
何hé所suǒ冬dōng暖nuǎn,
何hé所suǒ夏xià寒hán?
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什么地方冬天温暖?什么地方夏天寒冷?
Where is it warm in winter? Where is it cold in summer?
焉yān有yǒu石shí林lín,
何hé兽shòu能néng言yán?
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哪里有石林?什么野兽能说话?
Where are the stone forests? What beasts can speak?
焉yān有yǒu虬qiú龙lóng,
负fù熊xióng以yǐ游yóu?
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哪里有虬龙,背负熊出游?
Where are the hornless dragons that carry bears on their backs?
雄xióng虺huǐ九jiǔ首shǒu,
倏shū忽hū焉yān在zài?
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雄虺九个头,来去忽闪在哪里?
The nine-headed male serpent - where does it flash swiftly?
何hé所suǒ不bù死sǐ,
长cháng人rén何hé守shǒu?
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什么地方的人不死?长人守卫什么?
Where do people not die? What do the tall men guard?
靡mí蓱píng九jiǔ衢qú,
枲xǐ华huá安ān居jū?
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浮萍蔓延九叉路口,枲麻花开在何处?
The duckweed spreads over nine crossroads - where does the hemp flower grow?
灵líng蛇shé吞tūn象xiàng,
厥jué大dà何hé如rú?
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灵蛇能吞象,它到底有多大?
The divine snake swallows elephants - how big is it really?
黑hēi水shuǐ玄xuán趾zhǐ,
三sān危wēi安ān在zài?
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黑水染黑脚趾,三危山在何处?
The black water stains feet black - where are the Three Perils Mountains?
延yán年nián不bù死sǐ,
寿shòu何hé所suǒ止zhǐ?
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延年不死,寿命终止于何时?
Extended years without death - when does life finally end?
鲮líng鱼yú何hé所suǒ,
鬿qí堆duī焉yān处chù?
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鲮鱼住在哪里?鬿堆在何处?
Where does the Ling fish dwell? Where is the Qi mound?
羿yì焉yān彃bì日rì,
乌wū焉yān解jiě羽yǔ?
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羿怎样射下太阳?金乌怎样脱落羽毛?
How did Yi shoot down the suns? How did the crows shed their feathers?
禹yǔ之zhī力lì献xiàn功gōng,
降jiàng省xǐng下xià土tǔ四sì方fāng。
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禹尽力治水献功,降临人间视察四方。
Yu exerted his strength in flood control, descended to inspect the four directions.
焉yān得dé彼bǐ嵞tú山shān女nǚ,
而ér通tōng之zhī于yú台tái桑sāng?
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怎样得到涂山女,在台桑与她通婚?
How did he get the woman of Tushan, and mate with her at Taisang?
闵mǐn妃fēi匹pǐ合hé,
厥jué身shēn是shì继jì。
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怜惜配偶结合,为的是延续后代。
Pitying his consort in union, his body was to continue the line.
胡hú维wéi嗜shì不bù同tóng味wèi,
而ér快kuài晁zhāo饱bǎo?
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为何嗜好不同,却贪图一时快饱?
Why crave different tastes, yet seek quick morning satiety?
启qǐ代dài益yì作zuò后hòu,
卒zú然rán离lí蠥niè。
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启取代益做君主,突然遭遇灾祸。
Qi replaced Yi as ruler, then suddenly met with disaster.
何hé启qǐ惟wéi忧yōu,
而ér能néng拘jū是shì达dá?
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为何启虽遭忧患,却能逃脱困境?
Why, though Qi had worries, could he escape confinement?
皆jiē归guī射shè𥷤shè,
而ér无wú害hài厥jué躬gōng。
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众人都来射箭,为何他身不受害?
All returned to shoot arrows, yet his body was unharmed?
何hé后hòu益yì作zuò革gé,
而ér禹yǔ播bō降jiàng?
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为何益的政权被革除,禹的后代却兴盛?
Why was Yi's rule overturned, while Yu's line flourished?
启qǐ棘jí宾bīn商shāng,
《九jiǔ辩biàn九jiǔ歌gē》。
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启急迫朝见天帝,得到《九辩》《九歌》。
Qi urgently visited Shangdi, obtaining the "Nine Debates" and "Nine Songs".
何hé勤qín子zǐ屠tú母mǔ,
而ér死sǐ分fēn竟jìng地dì?
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为何爱子却杀母,使她尸骨分散大地?
Why, loving his son, did he slaughter his mother, scattering her remains?
帝dì降jiàng夷yí羿yì,
革gé孽niè夏xià民mín。
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天帝降下夷羿,为夏民除害。
The emperor sent down Yi the Archer to remove the Xia people's affliction.
胡hú射shè夫fū河hé伯bó,
而ér妻qī彼bǐ雒luò嫔pín?
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为何射伤河伯,又娶洛嫔为妻?
Why did he shoot the River Earl, then marry the Luo consort?
冯píng珧yáo利lì决jué,
封fēng狶xī是shì射shè。
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持宝弓利箭,射杀大野猪。
Holding the precious bow with sharp release, he shot the great boar.
何hé献xiàn蒸zhēng肉ròu之zhī膏gāo,
而ér后hòu帝dì不bù若ruò?
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为何献上肥美的祭肉,天帝却不满意?
Why, offering the fat of steamed meat, did the emperor not approve?
浞zhuó娶qǔ纯chún狐hú,
眩xuàn妻qī爰yuán谋móu。
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寒浞娶纯狐,迷人的妻子与他合谋。
Zhuo married the pure fox, his dazzling wife conspired with him.
何hé羿yì之zhī射shè革gé,
而ér交jiāo吞tūn揆kuí之zhī?
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羿能射穿皮革,为何被人合谋吞灭?
Yi could shoot through leather - why was he conspired against and destroyed?
阻zǔ穷qióng西xī征zhēng,
岩yán何hé越yuè焉yān?
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道路险阻西行难,如何越过那些山岩?
The westward journey was obstructed and difficult - how did he cross those cliffs?
化huà为wéi黄huáng熊xióng,
巫wū何hé活huó焉yān?
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鲧化为黄熊,巫师如何使他复活?
Gun transformed into a yellow bear - how did the shaman revive him?
咸xián播bō秬jù黍shǔ,
莆pú雚guàn是shì营yíng。
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都播种黑黍,清除芦苇水草。
All sowed black millet, and cleared the reeds and rushes.
何hé由yóu并bìng投tóu,
而ér鲧gǔn疾jí脩xiū盈yíng?
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为何一起被放逐,鲧的罪行却特别多?
Why were they all cast out together, yet Gun's crimes were so numerous?
白bái蜺ní婴yīng茀fú,
胡hú为wèi此cǐ堂táng?
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白虹为饰,为何装饰此堂?
With white rainbows as infant scarves - why adorn this hall?
安ān得dé夫fū良liáng药yào,
不bù能néng固gù臧zāng?
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哪里得到不死药,却不能长久保存?
Where did they get the good medicine that could not be securely hidden?
天tiān式shì从cóng横héng,
阳yáng离lí爰yuán死sǐ。
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天道纵横交错,阳气离散则死。
Heaven's patterns run crisscross; when yang departs, then death comes.
大dà鸟niǎo何hé鸣míng,
夫fū焉yān丧sàng厥jué体tǐ?
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大鸟为何鸣叫?那人怎样失去身体?
Why did the great bird cry? How did that man lose his body?
蓱píng号hào起qǐ雨yǔ,
何hé以yǐ兴xīng之zhī?
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萍草呼号降雨,怎样兴起雨云?
The duckweed calls up rain - how does it arouse the clouds?
撰zhuàn体tǐ恊xié胁xié,
鹿lù何hé膺yīng之zhī?
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风神形体协调,鹿身怎样承受?
The composed body cooperates with flanks - how does the deer receive it?
鳌áo戴dài山shān抃biàn,
何hé以yǐ安ān之zhī?
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巨鳌驮山拍手舞,如何稳固不倾倒?
The giant turtle carries mountains and claps - how is it stabilized?
释shì舟zhōu陵líng行xíng,
何hé以yǐ迁qiān之zhī?
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弃船陆地行,如何能迁移?
Abandoning boats to walk on hills - how is it moved?
惟wéi浇ào在zài户hù,
何hé求qiú于yú嫂sǎo?
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浇在门边立,对嫂有何求?
When Ao stood at the door, what did he seek from his sister-in-law?
何hé少shào康kāng逐zhú犬quǎn,
而ér颠diān陨yǔn厥jué首shǒu?
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为何少康驱猎犬,却能砍下浇的头?
Why did Shao Kang chase with dogs, yet overthrow Ao's head?
汤tāng谋móu易yì旅lǚ,
何hé以yǐ厚hòu之zhī?
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商汤谋划整顿军队,如何使之强大?
Tang planned to reform his troops, how did he strengthen them?
覆fù舟zhōu斟zhēn寻xún,
何hé道dào取qǔ之zhī?
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斟寻国倾覆战船,用了什么方法取胜?
The boats of Zhenxun were overturned, by what means was victory achieved?
桀jié伐fá蒙méng山shān,
何hé所suǒ得dé焉yān?
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夏桀攻打蒙山国,得到了什么?
Jie attacked Mengshan, what did he gain?
妺mò嬉xī何hé肆sì,
汤tāng何hé殛jí焉yān?
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妺嬉为何如此放肆,商汤为何将她流放?
Why was Moxi so wanton, why did Tang punish her?
舜shùn闵mǐn在zài家jiā,
父fù何hé以yǐ鳏guān?
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舜在家中忧愁,父亲为何让他独居?
Shun was distressed at home, why did his father leave him a widower?
尧yáo不bù姚yáo告gào,
二èr女nǚ何hé亲qīn?
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尧不告诉姚家,如何将二女嫁给舜?
Yao did not inform the Yao family, how did he marry his two daughters to Shun?
厥jué萌méng在zài初chū,
何hé所suǒ亿yì焉yān!
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事物初萌之时,如何能预料未来?
At the beginning of its sprout, how could one predict its future?
璜huáng台tái十shí成chéng,
谁shéi所suǒ极jí焉yān?
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十层高的玉台,是谁建造的?
The jade tower with ten layers, who built it to such heights?
登dēng立lì为wéi帝dì,
孰shú道dào尚shàng之zhī?
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登基成为帝王,是谁推崇的?
He ascended to become emperor, who supported his way?
女nǚ娲wā有yǒu体tǐ,
孰shú制zhì匠jiàng之zhī?
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女娲有人的形体,是谁造就了她?
Nuwa has a human form, who crafted her body?
舜shùn服fú厥jué弟dì,
终zhōng然rán为wéi害hài。
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舜驯服了他的弟弟,为何最终仍受其害?
Shun subdued his brother, yet in the end was harmed by him.
何hé肆sì犬quǎn体tǐ,
而ér厥jué身shēn不bù危wēi败bài?
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为何放纵如犬之身,却能免于危亡?
Why did he indulge in a dog-like form, yet avoid peril and ruin?
吴wú获huò迄qì古gǔ,
南nán岳yuè是shì止zhǐ。
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吴国获承古业,定都南岳之地。
Wu obtained ancient heritage, settling at the Southern Mountain.
孰shú期qī去qù斯sī,
得dé两liǎng男nán子zǐ?
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谁料离开此地,竟得两位贤子?
Who expected that leaving this place would bring two worthy sons?
缘yuán鹄hú饰shì玉yù,
后hòu帝dì是shì飨xiǎng。
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以鹄饰玉之器,进献君王宴飨。
With goose-adorned jade vessels, they feasted the emperor.
何hé承chéng谋móu夏xià桀jié,
终zhōng以yǐ灭miè丧sàng?
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何以继承夏桀之谋,终致灭亡?
How did continuing Jie's plots lead to final destruction?
帝dì乃nǎi降jiàng观guān,
下xià逢féng伊yī挚zhì。
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天帝降临观察,下方得遇伊尹。
The emperor descended to observe, and below met Yi Zhi.
何hé条tiáo放fàng致zhì罚fá,
而ér黎lí服fú大dà说yuè?
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为何流放致罚,百姓却大悦?
Why did exile bring punishment, yet the people greatly rejoiced?
简jiǎn狄dí在zài台tái,
喾kù何hé宜yí?
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简狄居于瑶台,帝喾为何中意?
Jian Di was at the terrace, why did Ku find her suitable?
玄xuán鸟niǎo致zhì贻yí,
女nǚ何hé喜xǐ?
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玄鸟衔来赠礼,少女因何欣喜?
The mystic bird brought gifts, why did the maiden rejoice?
该gāi秉bǐng季jì德dé,
厥jué父fù是shì臧zāng。
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王亥承季之德,其父甚是贤明。
Gai upheld Ji's virtue, his father was truly wise.
胡hú终zhōng弊bì于yú有yǒu扈hù,
牧mù夫fū牛niú羊yáng?
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为何终亡于有扈,沦为牧牛羊之人?
Why did he perish at Youhu, becoming a herder of cattle and sheep?
干gān协xié时shí舞wǔ,
何hé以yǐ怀huái之zhī?
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执盾和谐起舞,何以感化四方?
With shields in harmonious dance, how did it move their hearts?
平píng胁xié曼màn肤fū,
何hé以yǐ肥féi之zhī?
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肌肤柔曼丰盈,何以滋养至此?
With smooth flanks and delicate skin, how were they nourished so?
有yǒu扈hù牧mù竖shù,
云yún何hé而ér逢féng?
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有扈氏牧童,如何得遇机缘?
Youhu's herdsman boy, how did he meet this fate?
击jī床chuáng先xiān出chū,
其qí命mìng何hé从cóng?
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击床先遁去,其命由谁主?
Striking the bed he fled first, whose command did he follow?
恒héng秉bǐng季jì德dé,
焉yān得dé夫fū朴pǔ牛niú?
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王恒继季之德,如何获得大牛?
Heng upheld Ji's virtue, how did he obtain the simple ox?
何hé往wǎng营yíng班bān禄lù,
不bù但dàn还huán来lái?
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为何往求封赏,不得反而归来?
Why seek official rewards, only to return empty-handed?
昏hūn微wēi遵zūn迹jì,
有yǒu狄dí不bù宁níng。
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上甲微循先迹,有狄氏不得安宁。
Hun Wei followed the traces, You Di found no peace.
何hé繁fán鸟niǎo萃cuì棘jí,
负fù子zǐ肆sì情qíng?
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为何众鸟集棘上,负子放纵情欲?
Why did numerous birds gather on thorns, carrying sons indulging passion?
眩xuàn弟dì并bìng淫yín,
危wēi害hài厥jué兄xiōng。
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昏昧兄弟共淫乱,危害其兄长。
Dazzling brothers together lewd, endangering their elder brother.
何hé变biàn化huà以yǐ作zuò诈zhà,
后hòu嗣sì而ér逢féng长zhǎng?
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何以变诈多端,后代却得昌盛?
How with changing deceit, did heirs meet prosperity?